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Savings and Investments thread
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fat man on a moped said:Solidgone said:golfaddick said:In my 30 years experience I have found that if you are in a good final salary pension then you should have sufficient enough income to live comfortably.
Certainly all the Doctors I know who retire on c£40k-£50k pa have excess income every month......and thats before they get the State Pension.
I generally find that c£20k annual pension (before the State one) should be adequate enough to live on. Should you want 3 holidays a year then you'll probably need more. But I find most peoples day-to-day expenditure is usually no more than £1k pm. Add in holiday spending money, season tickets & take always then £1500pm is usually well ok.
A lot of people wont have anywhere near this, but I do find many people over estimate how much they do need in retirement & I'm often saying to clients to retire earlier than they plan and to not work until they drop just because they fear not having enough money in retirement.And free prescriptions!
I've had a quick look and can't see any mention of it.
Elizabeth line back from Heathrow is very handy, pity Gatwick is just outside the zone but you only have to buy a ticket from/to East Croydon.
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£50 for me this month0
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Solidgone said:fat man on a moped said:Solidgone said:golfaddick said:In my 30 years experience I have found that if you are in a good final salary pension then you should have sufficient enough income to live comfortably.
Certainly all the Doctors I know who retire on c£40k-£50k pa have excess income every month......and thats before they get the State Pension.
I generally find that c£20k annual pension (before the State one) should be adequate enough to live on. Should you want 3 holidays a year then you'll probably need more. But I find most peoples day-to-day expenditure is usually no more than £1k pm. Add in holiday spending money, season tickets & take always then £1500pm is usually well ok.
A lot of people wont have anywhere near this, but I do find many people over estimate how much they do need in retirement & I'm often saying to clients to retire earlier than they plan and to not work until they drop just because they fear not having enough money in retirement.And free prescriptions!
I've had a quick look and can't see any mention of it.
Elizabeth line back from Heathrow is very handy, pity Gatwick is just outside the zone but you only have to buy a ticket from/to East Croydon.0 -
fat man on a moped said:Solidgone said:fat man on a moped said:Solidgone said:golfaddick said:In my 30 years experience I have found that if you are in a good final salary pension then you should have sufficient enough income to live comfortably.
Certainly all the Doctors I know who retire on c£40k-£50k pa have excess income every month......and thats before they get the State Pension.
I generally find that c£20k annual pension (before the State one) should be adequate enough to live on. Should you want 3 holidays a year then you'll probably need more. But I find most peoples day-to-day expenditure is usually no more than £1k pm. Add in holiday spending money, season tickets & take always then £1500pm is usually well ok.
A lot of people wont have anywhere near this, but I do find many people over estimate how much they do need in retirement & I'm often saying to clients to retire earlier than they plan and to not work until they drop just because they fear not having enough money in retirement.And free prescriptions!
I've had a quick look and can't see any mention of it.
Elizabeth line back from Heathrow is very handy, pity Gatwick is just outside the zone but you only have to buy a ticket from/to East Croydon.1 -
Golfie (and any others ITK): 2 NHS pension questions for you please:
1. Do the pension benefits showing in my TRS stay the same even if I stop working now? As I understand it, the figures represent the current value of the cash sums and annual pension based on contributions made to date. I'm planning to stop working by resigning and living off savings at age 58 until the pension pays at age 60 (1995 scheme) and 67 (2015 scheme). The figures go up annually based on my earnings & pension contributions each year so am I right to assume those figures will simply stay as they are if I am no longer earning/contributing? Makes sense to me but I didn't want to wrongly assume that and make an ill-informed 'retirement' decision.
2. Have you seen any cases relating to the McCleod judgement where staff have been given the figures to take that part of their NHS pension at age 60 rather than stick to age 67? Does choosing the age 60 option involve substantial loss of pension benefits for taking it 'early'?0 -
I have no idea about NHS pensions but can talk about more generally.
Firstly future pension benefits (and should be quoted as a forecast) would generally rise. Normally by the lower of CPI and either 5% or 2.5%.
The second point is a little known fact that is rarely known. Normally you can retire early and get your pension early but you will get a reduced pension calculated by "discount factors". A key point here is that discount factors apply in most DB schemes are different if you retire from working than if you retire from being a deferred member. For instance a scheme i was in had a normal retirement age of 65, I left at 55 (redundancy)and I worked out that I was actually better off taking my pension at 55 than I would have been having taking it at 60, which was my planned retirement age. Strange but true.
As I say I know nothing about NHS schemes, but suggest proper advice is needed unless that scheme is totally inflexible!0 -
Any interesting funds to raise here at the moment, following performance over the past year or so?
Shame Royal London Global Equity is now a closed fund, as it's been my main performer.0 -
mendonca said:Any interesting funds to raise here at the moment, following performance over the past year or so?
Shame Royal London Global Equity is now a closed fund, as it's been my main performer.5 -
Golfie (and any others ITK): 2 NHS pension questions for you please:
1. Do the pension benefits showing in my TRS stay the same even if I stop working now? As I understand it, the figures represent the current value of the cash sums and annual pension based on contributions made to date. I'm planning to stop working by resigning and living off savings at age 58 until the pension pays at age 60 (1995 scheme) and 67 (2015 scheme). The figures go up annually based on my earnings & pension contributions each year so am I right to assume those figures will simply stay as they are if I am no longer earning/contributing? Makes sense to me but I didn't want to wrongly assume that and make an ill-informed 'retirement' decision.
2. Have you seen any cases relating to the McCleod judgement where staff have been given the figures to take that part of their NHS pension at age 60 rather than stick to age 67? Does choosing the age 60 option involve substantial loss of pension benefits for taking it 'early'?
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meldrew66 said:Golfie (and any others ITK): 2 NHS pension questions for you please:
1. Do the pension benefits showing in my TRS stay the same even if I stop working now? As I understand it, the figures represent the current value of the cash sums and annual pension based on contributions made to date. I'm planning to stop working by resigning and living off savings at age 58 until the pension pays at age 60 (1995 scheme) and 67 (2015 scheme). The figures go up annually based on my earnings & pension contributions each year so am I right to assume those figures will simply stay as they are if I am no longer earning/contributing? Makes sense to me but I didn't want to wrongly assume that and make an ill-informed 'retirement' decision.
2. Have you seen any cases relating to the McCleod judgement where staff have been given the figures to take that part of their NHS pension at age 60 rather than stick to age 67? Does choosing the age 60 option involve substantial loss of pension benefits for taking it 'early'?
Your NHS Pension will be based on your leaving salary - in fact the best year out of the last 3. After age 55 your "deferred" pension should increase in line with CPI (Public sector schemes use the previous Septembers figures - so an increase in April next year will be based on September this years figure)
The McCloud Remedy is only now being "rolled-out" and I believe its starting with those already retired and retiring now. For everyone else figures wont be available until next April-ish. As a reminder, the McCloud Remedy is basically saying that you shouldn't have been put into the 2015 scheme in 2015 and so the NHS are having to recalculate your Pension as if you had stayed in the 1995 scheme until 2022. They are preparing figures for these 7 years and once done they will let you know what they are & for you to decide whether you want your 1995 scheme to be uprated with these figures or to stay with the original 2015 figures that you receive as part of your Total Rewards Statement. Knowing the NHS Schemes as I do I would say that in 99% of cases it will best to have your 1995 scheme uprated with the past 7 years rather than stay with the 2015 scheme from its inception in, er, 2015. Originally they said that these new figures would be given at retirement, but from recent things I've read I believe they will be given to you next October - but I've not seen/heard anything concrete.
Now, not wishing to stray into giving advice here so I will try to keep this non-specific. Both the 1995 & 2015 schemes have actuarial reductions for taking the respective benefits early. For the 1995 scheme its approx 4%pa for the pension & 3% for the lump sum. For the 2015 scheme, if you took it at age 60 along with your 1995 scheme then you are likely to lose around 22% - although I believe these figures are about to change due to new actuarial factors.
I would suggest that as you are likely to now have a much greater proportion of your pension in the 1995 scheme that taking the 2015 scheme early wont be too much of a factor.
Hope this helps
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golfaddick said:meldrew66 said:Golfie (and any others ITK): 2 NHS pension questions for you please:
1. Do the pension benefits showing in my TRS stay the same even if I stop working now? As I understand it, the figures represent the current value of the cash sums and annual pension based on contributions made to date. I'm planning to stop working by resigning and living off savings at age 58 until the pension pays at age 60 (1995 scheme) and 67 (2015 scheme). The figures go up annually based on my earnings & pension contributions each year so am I right to assume those figures will simply stay as they are if I am no longer earning/contributing? Makes sense to me but I didn't want to wrongly assume that and make an ill-informed 'retirement' decision.
2. Have you seen any cases relating to the McCleod judgement where staff have been given the figures to take that part of their NHS pension at age 60 rather than stick to age 67? Does choosing the age 60 option involve substantial loss of pension benefits for taking it 'early'?
Your NHS Pension will be based on your leaving salary - in fact the best year out of the last 3. After age 55 your "deferred" pension should increase in line with CPI (Public sector schemes use the previous Septembers figures - so an increase in April next year will be based on September this years figure)
The McCloud Remedy is only now being "rolled-out" and I believe its starting with those already retired and retiring now. For everyone else figures wont be available until next April-ish. As a reminder, the McCloud Remedy is basically saying that you shouldn't have been put into the 2015 scheme in 2015 and so the NHS are having to recalculate your Pension as if you had stayed in the 1995 scheme until 2022. They are preparing figures for these 7 years and once done they will let you know what they are & for you to decide whether you want your 1995 scheme to be uprated with these figures or to stay with the original 2015 figures that you receive as part of your Total Rewards Statement. Knowing the NHS Schemes as I do I would say that in 99% of cases it will best to have your 1995 scheme uprated with the past 7 years rather than stay with the 2015 scheme from its inception in, er, 2015. Originally they said that these new figures would be given at retirement, but from recent things I've read I believe they will be given to you next October - but I've not seen/heard anything concrete.
Now, not wishing to stray into giving advice here so I will try to keep this non-specific. Both the 1995 & 2015 schemes have actuarial reductions for taking the respective benefits early. For the 1995 scheme its approx 4%pa for the pension & 3% for the lump sum. For the 2015 scheme, if you took it at age 60 along with your 1995 scheme then you are likely to lose around 22% - although I believe these figures are about to change due to new actuarial factors.
I would suggest that as you are likely to now have a much greater proportion of your pension in the 1995 scheme that taking the 2015 scheme early wont be too much of a factor.
Hope this helps
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meldrew66 said:golfaddick said:meldrew66 said:Golfie (and any others ITK): 2 NHS pension questions for you please:
1. Do the pension benefits showing in my TRS stay the same even if I stop working now? As I understand it, the figures represent the current value of the cash sums and annual pension based on contributions made to date. I'm planning to stop working by resigning and living off savings at age 58 until the pension pays at age 60 (1995 scheme) and 67 (2015 scheme). The figures go up annually based on my earnings & pension contributions each year so am I right to assume those figures will simply stay as they are if I am no longer earning/contributing? Makes sense to me but I didn't want to wrongly assume that and make an ill-informed 'retirement' decision.
2. Have you seen any cases relating to the McCleod judgement where staff have been given the figures to take that part of their NHS pension at age 60 rather than stick to age 67? Does choosing the age 60 option involve substantial loss of pension benefits for taking it 'early'?
Your NHS Pension will be based on your leaving salary - in fact the best year out of the last 3. After age 55 your "deferred" pension should increase in line with CPI (Public sector schemes use the previous Septembers figures - so an increase in April next year will be based on September this years figure)
The McCloud Remedy is only now being "rolled-out" and I believe its starting with those already retired and retiring now. For everyone else figures wont be available until next April-ish. As a reminder, the McCloud Remedy is basically saying that you shouldn't have been put into the 2015 scheme in 2015 and so the NHS are having to recalculate your Pension as if you had stayed in the 1995 scheme until 2022. They are preparing figures for these 7 years and once done they will let you know what they are & for you to decide whether you want your 1995 scheme to be uprated with these figures or to stay with the original 2015 figures that you receive as part of your Total Rewards Statement. Knowing the NHS Schemes as I do I would say that in 99% of cases it will best to have your 1995 scheme uprated with the past 7 years rather than stay with the 2015 scheme from its inception in, er, 2015. Originally they said that these new figures would be given at retirement, but from recent things I've read I believe they will be given to you next October - but I've not seen/heard anything concrete.
Now, not wishing to stray into giving advice here so I will try to keep this non-specific. Both the 1995 & 2015 schemes have actuarial reductions for taking the respective benefits early. For the 1995 scheme its approx 4%pa for the pension & 3% for the lump sum. For the 2015 scheme, if you took it at age 60 along with your 1995 scheme then you are likely to lose around 22% - although I believe these figures are about to change due to new actuarial factors.
I would suggest that as you are likely to now have a much greater proportion of your pension in the 1995 scheme that taking the 2015 scheme early wont be too much of a factor.
Hope this helps
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golfaddick said:meldrew66 said:golfaddick said:meldrew66 said:Golfie (and any others ITK): 2 NHS pension questions for you please:
1. Do the pension benefits showing in my TRS stay the same even if I stop working now? As I understand it, the figures represent the current value of the cash sums and annual pension based on contributions made to date. I'm planning to stop working by resigning and living off savings at age 58 until the pension pays at age 60 (1995 scheme) and 67 (2015 scheme). The figures go up annually based on my earnings & pension contributions each year so am I right to assume those figures will simply stay as they are if I am no longer earning/contributing? Makes sense to me but I didn't want to wrongly assume that and make an ill-informed 'retirement' decision.
2. Have you seen any cases relating to the McCleod judgement where staff have been given the figures to take that part of their NHS pension at age 60 rather than stick to age 67? Does choosing the age 60 option involve substantial loss of pension benefits for taking it 'early'?
Your NHS Pension will be based on your leaving salary - in fact the best year out of the last 3. After age 55 your "deferred" pension should increase in line with CPI (Public sector schemes use the previous Septembers figures - so an increase in April next year will be based on September this years figure)
The McCloud Remedy is only now being "rolled-out" and I believe its starting with those already retired and retiring now. For everyone else figures wont be available until next April-ish. As a reminder, the McCloud Remedy is basically saying that you shouldn't have been put into the 2015 scheme in 2015 and so the NHS are having to recalculate your Pension as if you had stayed in the 1995 scheme until 2022. They are preparing figures for these 7 years and once done they will let you know what they are & for you to decide whether you want your 1995 scheme to be uprated with these figures or to stay with the original 2015 figures that you receive as part of your Total Rewards Statement. Knowing the NHS Schemes as I do I would say that in 99% of cases it will best to have your 1995 scheme uprated with the past 7 years rather than stay with the 2015 scheme from its inception in, er, 2015. Originally they said that these new figures would be given at retirement, but from recent things I've read I believe they will be given to you next October - but I've not seen/heard anything concrete.
Now, not wishing to stray into giving advice here so I will try to keep this non-specific. Both the 1995 & 2015 schemes have actuarial reductions for taking the respective benefits early. For the 1995 scheme its approx 4%pa for the pension & 3% for the lump sum. For the 2015 scheme, if you took it at age 60 along with your 1995 scheme then you are likely to lose around 22% - although I believe these figures are about to change due to new actuarial factors.
I would suggest that as you are likely to now have a much greater proportion of your pension in the 1995 scheme that taking the 2015 scheme early wont be too much of a factor.
Hope this helps0 -
It's been a while since I updated this on here, but we aren't in the main doing so well this 6 months!
Name Level Variance % Variance Lenglover 7401 40.45 0.55% Pedro45 7452 91.45 1.24% Jon_CAFC_ 7490 129.45 1.76% Fortune 82nd Minute 7554 193.45 2.63% Redman 7562 201.45 2.74% meldrew66 7575 214.45 2.91% fat man on a moped 7592 231.45 3.14% PragueAddick 7600 239.45 3.25% HardyAddick 7625 264.45 3.59% Morboe 7625 264.45 3.59% Addick Addict 7652 291.45 3.96% oohaahmortimer 7654 293.45 3.99% StrikerFirmani 7665 304.45 4.14% golfaddick 7680 319.45 4.34% cafcpolo 7698 337.45 4.58% Covered End 7702 341.45 4.64% Addickinedi 7707 346.45 4.71% TheGhostofTomHovi 7708 347.45 4.72% RalphMilne 7721 360.45 4.90% Lonelynorthernaddick 7725 364.45 4.95% blackpool72 7750 389.45 5.29% Jamescafc 7750 389.45 5.29% Bangkokaddick 7771 410.45 5.58% thecat 7792 431.45 5.86% bobmunro 7848 487.45 6.62% CharltonKerry 7868 507.45 6.89% guinnessaddick 7878 517.45 7.03% LargeAddick 7887 526.45 7.15% Rob7Lee 7891 530.45 7.21% holyjo 7899 538.45 7.32% valleynick66 7923 562.45 7.64% IdleHans 7945 584.45 7.94% CAFCWest 7950 589.45 8.01% Er_Be_Ab_Pl_Wo_Wo_Ch 6750 610.55 8.29% aitchyaddick 7978 617.45 8.39% Solidgone 7990 629.45 8.55% wwaddick 8002 641.45 8.71% WishIdStayedInThe Pub 8047 686.45 9.33% 0 -
Looking at those predictions I'd say wishidstayedin The Pub has probably spent too much time in the pub 😳 😀3
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Anyone else's pension/ISA at an all time high again? Mine seems to have picked up again massively this month, up over 8% so far for November. Just wish I'd put more in the S&P500 which is up just over 21% in a little over a year0
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Rob7Lee said:Anyone else's pension/ISA at an all time high again? Mine seems to have picked up again massively this month, up over 8% so far for November. Just wish I'd put more in the S&P500 which is up just over 21% in a little over a year0
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golfaddick said:Rob7Lee said:Anyone else's pension/ISA at an all time high again? Mine seems to have picked up again massively this month, up over 8% so far for November. Just wish I'd put more in the S&P500 which is up just over 21% in a little over a year0
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golfaddick said:Rob7Lee said:Anyone else's pension/ISA at an all time high again? Mine seems to have picked up again massively this month, up over 8% so far for November. Just wish I'd put more in the S&P500 which is up just over 21% in a little over a year0
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On the back of inflation starting to fall more sharply and, by implication, interest rates peaking with eventual cuts a step closer, I am looking at blue chip cumulative pref shares to provide a decent yield for which I don't have to tie up funds for a long period, with the prospect of some capital increase if/when rates fall. The spreads are generally quite wide, but not in every case. Does anyone have experience of this as an investment? Aside from the potential lack of liquidity and the initial spread, I cant see where my thinking falls down.
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Rob7Lee said:Anyone else's pension/ISA at an all time high again? Mine seems to have picked up again massively this month, up over 8% so far for November. Just wish I'd put more in the S&P500 which is up just over 21% in a little over a year
😉
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Speaking of peaking interest rates, I’m starting to see the signs in 1 year fixed deals. I have one maturing with Investec on 4. December. Until a couple of weeks ago they offered a new one at 5.76 but now its down to 5.3%. Fortunately the other one at exactly that rate which I have an account with is Secure Trust Bank, and that is still on offer. Secure Trust was new to me, @bobmunro was able to reassure with some background on them. Indeed their customer service is old school in the best way. I was puzzled to see that the bond matures on a fixed date, regardless of when you invest. I rang their helpline. It was answered almost immediately by a helpful young guy who explained clearly that if I invest earlier than the 3rd Jan maturity date, I will indeed get pro rata more than 12months interest. When I politely asked if he could say when it might be pulled, because of my wait for the incoming cash, he of course said he could not, but that I have 30 days to fund it, so I can open it nowish. Top service in this category. If you too are looking for a 1 year fix, I’d look no further. And if you think you can guarantee to get more than 5.8% from the equity markets in the next 12 months, you’re a braver mug punter than me😉2
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I took 70k out of my portfolio to pay off mortgage about three weeks ago …. Since then my fund has made back 30k of it4
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holyjo said:I took 70k out of my portfolio to pay off mortgage about three weeks ago …. Since then my fund has made back 30k of it0
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blackpool72 said:Looking at those predictions I'd say wishidstayedin The Pub has probably spent too much time in the pub 😳 😀
At least my portfolio is at an all time high ...0 -
PragueAddick said:Speaking of peaking interest rates, I’m starting to see the signs in 1 year fixed deals. I have one maturing with Investec on 4. December. Until a couple of weeks ago they offered a new one at 5.76 but now its down to 5.3%. Fortunately the other one at exactly that rate which I have an account with is Secure Trust Bank, and that is still on offer. Secure Trust was new to me, @bobmunro was able to reassure with some background on them. Indeed their customer service is old school in the best way. I was puzzled to see that the bond matures on a fixed date, regardless of when you invest. I rang their helpline. It was answered almost immediately by a helpful young guy who explained clearly that if I invest earlier than the 3rd Jan maturity date, I will indeed get pro rata more than 12months interest. When I politely asked if he could say when it might be pulled, because of my wait for the incoming cash, he of course said he could not, but that I have 30 days to fund it, so I can open it nowish. Top service in this category. If you too are looking for a 1 year fix, I’d look no further. And if you think you can guarantee to get more than 5.8% from the equity markets in the next 12 months, you’re a braver mug punter than me😉0
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PragueAddick said:Speaking of peaking interest rates, I’m starting to see the signs in 1 year fixed deals. I have one maturing with Investec on 4. December. Until a couple of weeks ago they offered a new one at 5.76 but now it's down to 5.3%. Fortunately the other one at exactly that rate which I have an account with is Secure Trust Bank, and that is still on offer. Secure Trust was new to me, @bobmunro was able to reassure with some background on them. Indeed their customer service is old school in the best way. I was puzzled to see that the bond matures on a fixed date, regardless of when you invest. I rang their helpline. It was answered almost immediately by a helpful young guy who explained clearly that if I invest earlier than the 3rd Jan maturity date, I will indeed get pro rata more than 12months interest. When I politely asked if he could say when it might be pulled, because of my wait for the incoming cash, he of course said he could not, but that I have 30 days to fund it, so I can open it nowish. Top service in this category. If you too are looking for a 1 year fix, I’d look no further. And if you think you can guarantee to get more than 5.8% from the equity markets in the next 12 months, you’re a braver mug punter than me😉
Ultimately what I have learnt as I age is it's all well and good chasing the top top interest rate, more salary, or the fund or whatever it may be, but you also need to be doing it for a reason, what is it you are going to use the money for, my father in law is a prime example, a simple man (re material things) in many respects who never earned big salaries (was a steel engineer and then a bus driver). Yet he managed to save a not to shabby amount in pension and savings, yet seems to never want to spend much of it and will chase that extra 0.2% in a savings account to make £10 more - but for what? It took me 3 years to persuade him to blow £50 a month on sky to watch all the sport he absolutely loves rather than pop around ours to catch the odd bit.
Plan to save but also save to spend is my Moto! As an intelligent man once said, we only get one go around I reckon, may as well make the most of it (or words to that effect).5 -
mendonca said:golfaddick said:Rob7Lee said:Anyone else's pension/ISA at an all time high again? Mine seems to have picked up again massively this month, up over 8% so far for November. Just wish I'd put more in the S&P500 which is up just over 21% in a little over a year
Royal London Global Equity Income0 -
PragueAddick said:Speaking of peaking interest rates, I’m starting to see the signs in 1 year fixed deals. I have one maturing with Investec on 4. December. Until a couple of weeks ago they offered a new one at 5.76 but now its down to 5.3%. Fortunately the other one at exactly that rate which I have an account with is Secure Trust Bank, and that is still on offer. Secure Trust was new to me, @bobmunro was able to reassure with some background on them. Indeed their customer service is old school in the best way. I was puzzled to see that the bond matures on a fixed date, regardless of when you invest. I rang their helpline. It was answered almost immediately by a helpful young guy who explained clearly that if I invest earlier than the 3rd Jan maturity date, I will indeed get pro rata more than 12months interest. When I politely asked if he could say when it might be pulled, because of my wait for the incoming cash, he of course said he could not, but that I have 30 days to fund it, so I can open it nowish. Top service in this category. If you too are looking for a 1 year fix, I’d look no further. And if you think you can guarantee to get more than 5.8% from the equity markets in the next 12 months, you’re a braver mug punter than me😉
Deposit based ones so no risk to capital & a couple are FSCS protected too, although the ones that aren't are backed by Barclays so if they go bust then we are all fucked. One was paying 7%pa for 6 years, and another paying 7.5%pa over 5 years, assuming the FTSE100 doesn't fall by more than 5% over that time.
What clients have been doing is transferring money from their ISA's but still keeping it within an ISA wrapper - then when the Plan matures they simply transfer the money back into their ISA, thus keeping the gains tax-free.
Really a hedge against the markets, and as @PragueAddick says, I couldn't really give any guarantees as to what their S&S ISA's would return over the next 5 years and at least I don't lose that money to the Banks as clients were rightfully thinking that perhaps they should be putting money into Cash ISA instead of their S&S ones.1